Depression commonly manifests through physical symptoms, including stomach pain, headaches, disrupted or excessive sleep, and difficulties with motor control. Although the precise causes of depression are not fully understood, a genetic predisposition is often present, and the condition may be triggered by trauma or adverse life circumstances. Depression is diagnosed more frequently in women and often presents differently in women than in men.
Rates of depression tend to increase following childbirth and during late fall. Depression and anxiety frequently co-occur and can intensify one another. Individuals with depression commonly experience difficulty concentrating on tasks and conversations. Some cope through alcohol or drug use or overeating, which may lead to additional medical complications. Depressed individuals are also at an increased risk for self-harm.
Depression is a mental illness characterized by prolonged emotional symptoms, including:
- Apathy
- Sadness
- Guilt
- Exhaustion
- Irritability
Diagnosis involves a psychiatric evaluation and, when appropriate, physical testing to rule out other medical conditions. To meet diagnostic criteria, symptoms must be present for at least two weeks.
Each case of depression is unique and requires individualized treatment. Effective approaches often include a combination of:
- Psychotherapy (talk therapy)
- Medication
- Lifestyle modifications